![]() Treatment options for inverted nipples include surgical and non-surgical interventions. Hence, it is important to provide women with inverted nipples with treatment options that will help them maintain breastfeeding and meet breastfeeding guidelines. ![]() The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and continuation of breastfeeding with complementary foods until the infant is two years of age. Mothers who discontinue breastfeeding or do not breastfeed may also be at higher risks for certain cancers, chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and depression. It may also reduce his chances of other health benefits such as improved growth and development, reduced infections, less risk of chronic diseases, better cognition, and higher intelligence quotient. Early weaning from breastfeeding deprives the infant from his mother’s milk which is the ideal nutrition. Women with inverted nipples often struggle with breastfeeding because of inadequate infant latching that may lead to insufficient milk extraction, maternal frustration, and poor infant satiety, ultimately ending with premature termination of breastfeeding. Grade 3 has severe fibrosis and inversion and hence cannot be pulled out manually. Grade 2 inverted nipple has moderate fibrosis beneath it, can be pulled out manually but fails to maintain projection. Grade 1 inverted nipple has minimal fibrosis, is easily pulled out manually with maintenance of good projection. Han and Hong classified the severity of nipple inversion into three grades based on the ability to manually pull out the nipple and maintain its projection, and the extent of fibrosis beneath it. Nipple inversion is mostly congenital but can be acquired secondary to inflammation such as in mastitis, or due to other conditions such as cancer or breast surgery. A higher prevalence rate of 9.8% has been reported in pregnant women. The inverted nipple is an abnormality that is present in 3% of females, with bilateral involvement in 86.8% of affected women. Trial registrationĬ NCT03529630 Registered May 8, 2018. Larger clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings. The inverted syringe technique was not associated with improvement in breastfeeding outcomes of women with inverted nipples. Both groups had similar rates of nipple eversion, successful infant latching, and similar satisfaction with breastfeeding and quality of life issues. Breast pump and breastfeeding-associated complications were more commonly reported in the control group ( p < 0.05 for both). Only 14.3% of women in the experimental group complied with the use of the inverted syringe during the first month. Participants in the experimental group were less likely to be exclusively breastfeeding at one ( RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.95 n = 47), and at three months ( RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.91 n = 45), or to practice any breastfeeding at six months ( RR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.87 n = 44). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted according to the intention to treat principle. ![]() Secondary outcomes included the rates of exclusive breastfeeding at three and six months, any breastfeeding at one, three, and six months, nipple eversion, successful infant latching, breastfeeding-associated complications, maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding, maternal quality of life, and adverse events. The primary outcome measure was the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at one month. Methods/Designīetween June 2018 and January 2020, healthy pregnant women ( N=54) with grades 1 or 2 inverted nipples were randomly allocated to standard care or to an experimental group that used the inverted syringe technique to evert the inverted nipple prior to every breastfeeding. This open label, parallel group, randomized clinical trial investigated whether the use of the inverted syringe technique in women with inverted nipples would increase exclusive breastfeeding rate at one month, as compared to standard care. The use of an inverted syringe to evert the nipples was successful in achieving high rates of infant latching and exclusive breastfeeding in case series but has not been tested in clinical trials. Women with inverted nipples may struggle with breastfeeding and may stop exclusive breastfeeding before six months.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |